| name | Alpha-Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) |
| Classification | Topical keratolytics, exfoliants |
| Pharmacokinetics | AHAs are primarily absorbed topically. The extent of systemic absorption varies greatly depending on the specific AHA, concentration, and the area of application. Once absorbed, they are metabolized and eliminated through various pathways. The pharmacokinetic profile is not fully characterized for all AHAs as it is not the primary focus of treatment. Focus is on local effects. |
| suggested dosage | Dosage and frequency vary greatly based on the specific AHA (e.g., glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid) and desired effect. Consult a dermatologist or healthcare provider for appropriate recommendations. Products are typically used as directed on packaging. Start with low concentrations and gradually increase over time to minimize skin irritation. |
| indications | | 1 | Treatment of acne vulgaris (mild to moderate cases): Improvement of skin texture and appearance. | | 2 | Treatment of fine lines and wrinkles: Improving skin smoothness. | | 3 | Treatment of hyperpigmentation: potentially fading sun spots or age spots, or melasma. | | 4 | Treatment of sun damage: improving skin tone and texture | | 5 | Treatment of keratosis pilaris: improving rough, bumpy skin. |
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| Safety in pregnancy | Limited data is available about safety in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. It is crucial to discuss with a healthcare professional before use during pregnancy. Potential risks are not fully established. |
| Safety in breastfeeding | Limited data is available about safety in breastfeeding mothers. It is essential to discuss with a healthcare professional before use during breastfeeding. |
| side effects | | 1 | Skin irritation (e.g., redness, dryness, itching, burning): more common at higher concentrations or with more frequent use | | 2 | Photosensitivity: increased risk of sunburn when exposed to sunlight. Use sunscreen when exposed to sunlight | | 3 | Allergic reactions (e.g., rash, hives) | | 4 | Skin peeling | | 5 | Skin discoloration |
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| alternatives | | 1 | | alternative name | Retinoids | | description | Effective for acne, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation, but may cause dryness and irritation. |
| | 2 | | alternative name | Chemical peels | | description | More aggressive exfoliation procedures with potentially more visible results, but also higher risk of side effects. |
| | 3 | | alternative name | Topical Vitamin C | | description | Reduces hyperpigmentation and may improve collagen production. |
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| contraindications | | 1 | Known hypersensitivity or allergy to AHAs. | | 2 | Open wounds or active skin infections in the treatment area. |
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| interactions | Limited interactions reported, but it's essential to inform the doctor about all medications and supplements being used. Some topical corticosteroids can enhance the effects of AHAs or increase the risk of side effects. |
| warnings and precautions | | 1 | Start with a low concentration and gradually increase. | | 2 | Perform a patch test before using a new AHA or product on a large area. | | 3 | Avoid use during acute sunburns or skin conditions. | | 4 | Use sunscreen with a high SPF when exposed to sunlight to protect skin from additional damage. | | 5 | If irritation occurs, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional. |
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| additional informations | | 1 | Various types of AHAs exist (glycolic, lactic, mandelic, etc.) with varying strengths and effects. | | 2 | The effectiveness and side effects of AHAs can differ between individuals. | | 3 | Consistent and proper use is key to achieving desired results, but should be adjusted to individual needs. |
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| patient profile | |
