| name | Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) |
| classification | Hormonal Contraceptives |
| pharmacokinetics | COCs contain estrogen and progestin. Estrogen primarily suppresses the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary, preventing ovulation. Progestin thickens cervical mucus and inhibits endometrial receptivity, further reducing the chance of pregnancy. Absorption is primarily through the gastrointestinal tract, with variable bioavailability depending on formulation and individual factors. Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, with excretion through the kidneys and bile. Pharmacokinetic profiles vary significantly depending on specific COC formulations. |
| suggested dosage | The specific dosage and regimen depend on the formulation (e.g., ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, drospirenone, etc.) of the COC. Always follow the instructions provided by the prescribing physician. This information cannot substitute medical advice. A healthcare professional should determine the most appropriate dosage and regimen. |
| indications | Primary use is for contraception. Other uses might include regulating menstrual cycles, managing acne, and reducing premenstrual symptoms, but these are secondary uses that require appropriate evaluation by a medical professional. |
| safety in pregnancy | ABSOLUTELY CONTRAINDICATED. If a woman becomes pregnant while taking COCs, it is essential to stop the medication immediately and seek medical attention. |
| safety in breastfeeding | COCs can affect breast milk production and composition. Certain formulations might be more suitable than others. Consult a healthcare professional regarding the safety of COCs during breastfeeding. |
| side effects | Common side effects include nausea, breast tenderness, headache, mood changes, and spotting. More serious side effects (though rare) include blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and liver tumors. Individual responses vary significantly. |
| alternatives | |
| contraindications | | 1 | History of blood clots (venous thromboembolism) | | 2 | History of stroke or heart attack | | 3 | Severe liver disease | | 4 | Certain types of cancer (especially breast cancer) | | 5 | Smoking (especially in women over 35) | | 6 | Uncontrolled hypertension | | 7 | Severe migraines with aura | | 8 | Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding |
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| interactions | COCs can interact with certain medications, including some antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and certain herbal supplements. A complete medication list should be reviewed with a healthcare provider. |
| warnings and precautions | Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for women taking COCs. Blood pressure and weight monitoring are crucial. A thorough medical history is necessary to identify potential risks. Smoking significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular side effects. |
| additional informations | This information is for general knowledge only and does not constitute medical advice. Individual responses to COCs can vary. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted for personalized advice, including choosing a specific formulation and monitoring for potential side effects. The information does not take into account the male patient's age or weight, as it is irrelevant to the female partner's contraceptive choices. |
